Photosynthesis Essays (190 words) - Photosynthesis, Light Reactions

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in 3 main stages: energy is captured from sunlight, then it's converted into chemical energy and stored in organic molecules. Photosystems are light harvesting units of the thylakoid membrane. Each photosystem has four hundred pigment molecules. A photon hits the pigment molecules and travels through each molecule and then reaches the reaction center as shown in figure 1-1. The thylakoid membrane has two photosystems, photosystem 1 & 2. The reaction center in photosystem 1 is called P700 because this pigment is best at absorbing 700 mm light. Photosystem 2's reaction center is called P680 because it is best at absorbing 680 mm light. Calvin Cycle The Calvin cycle begins by incorporating Co2 from the air into molecules in the chloroplast. This action is called carbon fixation. The next thing it does is add electrons to the fixed carbon to make it carbohydrate. The power of the Calvin cycle comes from NADPH. The Calvin cycle also needs energy from ATP, which is generated by light reactions. This is reaction is called "dark reactions" because it does not directly need light to work. So basically all the Calvin cycle does is make sugar with out light but with help from ATP & NADPH.

How to Find the Molecular Mass of a Compound

How to Find the Molecular Mass of a Compound The molecular mass or molecular weight is the total mass of a compound. It is equal to the sum of the individual atomic masses of each atom in the molecule. Its easy to find the molecular mass of a compound with these steps: Determine the molecular formula of the molecule.Use the periodic table to determine the atomic mass of each element in the molecule.Multiply each elements atomic mass by the number of atoms of that element in the molecule. This number is represented by the subscript next to the element symbol in the molecular formula.Add these values together for each different atom in the molecule. The total will be the molecular mass of the compound. Example of Simple Molecular Mass Calculation For example, to find the molecular mass of NH3, the first step is to look up the atomic masses of nitrogen (N) and hydrogen (H). H 1.00794N 14.0067 Next, multiply the atomic mass of each atom by the number of atoms in the compound. There is one nitrogen atom (no subscript is given for one atom). There are three hydrogen atoms, as indicated by the subscript. molecular mass (1 x 14.0067) (3 x 1.00794)molecular mass 14.0067 3.02382molecular mass 17.0305 Note the calculator will give an answer of 17.03052, but the reported answer contains fewer significant figures because there are six significant digits in the atomic mass values used in the calculation. Example of Complex Molecular Mass Calculation Heres a more complicated example: Find the molecular mass (molecular weight) of Ca3(PO4)2. From the periodic table, the atomic masses of each element are: Ca 40.078P 30.973761O 15.9994 The tricky part is figuring out how many of each atom are present in the compound. There are three calcium atoms, two phosphorus atoms, and eight oxygen atoms. How did you get that? If part of the compound is in parentheses, multiply the subscript immediately following the element symbol by the subscript that closes the parentheses. molecular mass (40.078 x 3) (30.97361 x 2) (15.9994 x 8)molecular mass 120.234 61.94722 127.9952molecular mass 310.17642 (from the calculator)molecular mass 310.18 The final answer uses the correct number of significant figures. In this case, its five digits (from the atomic mass for calcium). Tips for Success Remember, if no subscript is given after an element symbol, it means there is one atom.A subscript applies to the atom symbol it follows. Multiply the subscript by the atoms atomic weight.Report your answer using the correct number of significant figures. This will be the smallest number of significant figures in the atomic mass values. Watch rules for rounding and truncating, which depend on the situation.