Black Death Cause and Effect Essay Example for Free

Dark Death Cause and Effect Essay The Bubonic Plague or the Black Death has been in the history books since the medieval occasions. This destructive ailment has guaranteed about 1. 5 million lives in Europe (Gottfried). The Black Death hit Europe in October of 1347 and immediately spread through the majority of Europe before the finish of 1349 and proceeded to Scandinavia and Russia during the 1350s. Not exclusively did the plague impact the European populace by slaughtering 33% to 66% (Gottfried), it additionally hurt the social and financial structures of each European culture. How it spread The Black Death in reality initially showed up in the Himalayan area around 1250 AD. There are a few speculations with respect to how the ailment advanced toward Europe. One hypothesis is that since the plague is transmitted from a nibble of an insect, that bugs that lived on marmots that were indigenous to the district were the first transporters (Clay,1). The main recorded appearance of the plague in Europe was at Messina, Sicily in October of 1347. It was accepted to have shown up on exchanging ships that originated from the Black Sea, past Constantinople and through the Mediterranean (Gottfried). This course was accustomed to bring import things, for example, silks and porcelain, which were conveyed overland to the Black Sea from as distant as China (Gottfried). Nobody know the specific purpose of starting point of the Black Death yet what most researchers will concur with is that the illness arrive at Europe by rodents. The explanation given was because of the climatic moves in the region which caused a deficiency of food. The malady ridden rodents’ relocation put them in contact with human populaces, in this manner, placing people in contact with the illness conveying bugs. Such huge numbers of individuals were affected on the grounds that a great many people lived in very packed and restricted spaces. This additionally made waste removal an issue, which made individuals simply tip their loss out the window of their home, bringing the rodents. Since everybody was so close, the insects could undoubtedly taint many individuals in a single day, so nobody was protected (Gottfried). The individuals that managed to get away from death was because of the way that their invulnerable frameworks having the option to withstand the plague (Gottfried). Sorts of Plague What executed such huge numbers of wasn’t because of only one kind of plague going around; The illness that crushed Europe was brought about by three unique sorts of plague: bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic. Each of the three are bacterial contaminations brought about by Yersinia pestis (Gottfried). The most widely recognized structure was the bubonic plague. Bugs that lived on the plague-tainted rodents spread the bubonic plague (Gottfried). Following 6 days individuals who were contaminated with this strain would create influenza like side effects and pulse drops, pulses quicker, and an abrupt fever ejects, joined by chills, shortcoming, and migraine. Next, a dark discharge filled knock encompassed by an aggravated red ring appears at the spot that was nibbled (Gottfried). The lymph hub would start to expand with discharge. At the point when the extended lymph hubs would blast they would likewise transmit dull hued blood and discharge. This is the means by which the name Black Death came to be begat (Vunguyen). A second kind of plague was that of pneumonic. This plague could spread with a wheeze and could rapidly bounce from individual to individual and however it was less regular than the bubonic structure, yet progressively dangerous. This structure was contracted through taking in a transformed, airborne strain of the microorganisms. The tainted individual would encounter liquid structure up in the lungs. This awful condition would, thusly, cause suffocation of the contaminated person. This specific type of the microorganisms would cause demise inside a brief timeframe length, typically a few days (Boeckl). The third sort of plague was speticemic plague. Despite the fact that it was minimal basic out of the three, it was the deadliest. Septicemic plague was conveyed in the blood and was contracted distinctly through blood-to-blood contact. The individual contaminated with this sort would build up a high fever however they would not create numerous outward manifestations that they had gotten the plague. The people who were contaminated with this last strain of the bacterium were typically dead inside 24 hours. Practically all who contracted either the pneumonic or septicemic plague kicked the bucket from the contamination (Boeckl). Reasons for the Black Death The reasons for the Black Death †the bug, the rodent, and the bacillus Yersinia pestis†have been named the â€Å"unholy trinity† (Boeckl). The insect can live in natural states of about 74â ° Fahrenheit and 60% mugginess (Ibid). Before the Black Death arrived at Europe, they were encountering those equivalent sorts of climate conditions. The rodent insect, Xenopsylla cheopis and the human bug, Pulex irritans, are both equipped for transmitting plague (Boeckl). In some cases, a contaminated insect can't ingest blood on the grounds that Yersinia pestis deters its stomach related tract. The blockage makes an insect spew into a nibbled have as opposed to ingest the host’s blood, subsequently contaminating the host with plague (Boeckl). Unfit to eat, the starving bug will chomp with more recurrence, quickening the spread of plague. A bug can be conveying Yersinia pestis without it obstructing the flea’s stomach related tract, in which case the insect doesn't transmit plague when it chomps a host. Additionally, Yersinia pestis can just enter a casualty through a nibble, as the bacilli can't go through unblemished skin (Gottfried). Social Changes The sickness negatively affected the number of inhabitants in Europe however as it cleared out networks it additionally caused changes in the social structure of European culture. Europe was controlled by a primitive framework (Vunguyen). As death caused significant damage, individuals began to scrutinize the lifestyle. At the point when the Black Death cleared over Europe and cleared out 33% of its populace, it additionally disassembled Feudalism. The primitive framework was organized like a pyramid with the King being at the top and having full oversight. The King possessed everything; he had the ability to choose who he would rent the land to. On the off chance that he allowed a resident to rent some portion of his territory, before doing so they needed to promise to a vow of devotion (Vunguyen). Individuals who rented the King’s land were called Baron/Baronesses (Vunguyen). The rented land was known as an estate, and the Barons were frequently called the ‘Lord of the Manor’ (Vunguyen). They were permitted to set up their own arrangement of equity, mint their own cash and set their own expenses. The Barons needed to serve on the imperial chamber, pay lease and furnish the King with Knights for military assistance when he requested it as an end-result of the land they had been given (Vunguyen). At the point when the King and his court went around the nation, the Barons additionally needed to give housing and food. The Barons kept as a lot of their territory as they wanted, at that point separated the rest among their Knights (Vunguyen). Knights were given land by the Baron as an end-result of military help when requested, and to secure the estate. The Knights kept as a great part of the land as they wanted for their very own utilization, and dispersed the remainder of it to serfs †in spite of the fact that they weren’t as rich as the Barons, Knights were very well off (). Serfs were given land by Knights in return with the expectation of complimentary work, food and administrations at whatever point it was wanted. They had no rights and weren’t permitted to leave the Manor. They needed to ask their Lord’s consent before they could wed, and were regularly abused and poor (). The serfs or laborers were a key gathering in the populace so when they began to cease to exist, everything went downhill. The serfs served everybody on the pyramid and now Barons were eager to pay higher wages and offer additional advantages (Vunguyen). For their entire life they had lived off the serfs’ difficult work, and were eager to pay them to remain on the estate to keep slaving for them. At the point when the serfs passed on, the establishment on which feudalism depended upon was broken. The pyramid of intensity broke, and everything was a wreck. Serfs left to discover high wages because of the work deficiencies. The land that had generally been the essential wellspring of riches was currently useless (Vunguyen). Whole homes were abandoned as families tumbled to the plague and passed on, or fled in a vain endeavor to get away from its fierceness, were ready and waiting (Vunguyen). As Europe advanced away from depending ashore as the fundamental wellspring of success, a rising white collar class asserted increasingly more riches and notoriety, as the once-honorable started to rapidly lose both (Vunguyen). The finish of Feudalism had begun and advanced every day as the plague asserted more lives. As the days went on individuals pondered, in the event that they expected to change the manner in which they lived or loved God. Many found that on the off chance that they kept on living and love as they had for a considerable length of time, the plague was not being assuaged (Clay). This made numerous individuals forsake the lifestyle that they were acquainted with and picked an actual existence that stood out from normal practices. An enormous gathering of individuals, urgent to point their fingers at somebody, affirmed and blamed various ‘groups’ which included ‘witches,’ outcasts and Jews (Clay). In focal Europe, the flagellants convincingly charged the Jews. On a sad day in Strasbourg alone, more than 8,000 Jews were killed for being the objective of vain doubts (). This statement shows exactly how the brain of Europeans changed: Many were questionable about the reason for this incredible mortality. In certain spots, they accepted that the Jews had harmed the universes, thus they executed them. In some different regions, that it was a disfigurement of poor people, so they pursued them out; in others, that it was the aristocrats, thus they [the nobles] faltered to go out into the world. At last, it arrived at where gatekeepers were posted in urban areas and towns, and they allowed nobody to enter, except if he was notable. What's more, on the off chance that they discovered anybody with powders or unguents, they made him swallow them, expecting that these may be harms (Clay, 2-3)†. Somebody who endure the plague composed â€Å"

Theatre of the absurd essays

Theater of the silly expositions There are a wide range of kinds of theaters in agreement to the various sorts of classifications that exist. One specific venue that is known as the Theater of the Absurd displays the possibility of something that doesn't follow or reply to a coherent clarification. Its way of thinking is to assume the existential perspective on the world, and apply it to a play. There is no hidden message to foolish plays, and are for all intents and purposes silly. It assumes the possibility of nothing and transforming it into something fascinating. When composing a play in this style there are different elements that you should consider. For one thing, you should understand that these plays are composed from an existential perspective and along these lines have no obvious explanation, genuine request or significance. In any case, it can in any case be enlightening and should make the crowd consider what's going on in a scene, the reason for existing is to incite thought with chuckling. There are in every case extremely exceptional minutes, however it can never look like customary theater since it has no beginning, center or completion. In addition, an essayist must know that the content can't follow any predefined structure and that language is decreased to a round of bantering that normally prompts mayhem to befuddle the crowd . A feeling of the spot is insignificant and characters are compelled to move in an inconceivable void-like domain. It is be that as it may, normally unmoving with the possibility that there is no cleans ing or record. At long last, a ludicrous scriptwriter must understand that it ought to be tied in with nothing, and end where it has begun. Besides, the crowd can identify with this kind of play by conceptually contemplating the scene and figuring out what's going on. The crowd is compelled to truly consider the issues introduced to them in the play and are confronted with a reasonable situation of life, as they watch the characters endeavor to work it out. Most situations introduced in Absurd plays take on practical circumstances and were even requested by the au... <! Theater of the Absurd papers The Theater of the Absurd started in the mid 1950s. It was impacted by four significant occasions World War I, World War II, progressivism and pandemics. The two universal wars effectsly affected Europe and the European populace overall. Europeans interrogated their qualities and convictions regarding society and were available to tolerating numerous new thoughts, particularly those set forward by Freud. These thoughts included tolerating homosexuality and a post-war Europe. A French author named Albert Camus started with the possibility of Absurdist theater and the thoughts he concocted spoke to what life resembled for individuals living in the mid twentieth century who were influenced by war, deaths and political emergency. Camus play Myth of Sisyphus communicated the ridiculousness of man and his lifetime of work and the worries and vulnerability of the war-cognizant Europeans. Camus concocted a way of thinking called the Cycle of the Absurd. This cycle contained three primary concerns 1- Life is ridiculous, and it is pointless to discover any example or abnormality inside it. 2- Man must acknowledge life as the ridiculous and appreciate the craziness with bliss. 3- Man can't battle the crazy, however essentially acknowledge that his life will never have meaning. Numerous other significant Absurdist theater creations incorporated crafted by Samuel Beckett, Eugene Ionesco and Jean Genet. The dad of the performance center of the silly was Eugene Ionesco. Ionesco was conceived in Romania and later moved to France with his family. He got this title through his scope of unconventional language that he used to portray singular false impressions and correspondence troubles. Some of Ionescos most prominent works incorporate The Great Sopranos, Rhinoceros, and The Lesson. Ionesco was to a great extent impacted by the two universal wars and he showed this in his enemy of Nazi play Rhinoceros ... <!

I Love the Illini Union

I Love the Illini Union This year, I have discovered a really great place on campus: the Illini Union. Now, I am not saying that I have never been there in my first four semesters. I am saying that only now am I finding out how much I love it. Lets start off with its great location. Located directly at the end of the Main Quad, the Union has a beautiful view of the Main Quad and the amazing Foellinger Auditorium at the opposite end. Because of this awesome location, you could say that the Union is practically the HQ of campus. Inside of this beautiful building, there is plenty of room on the first floor to study and do homework. With several rooms of couches, tables, and great lighting, the first floor is a great place to even meet up with people for group projects. If you ever get hungry because of the studying and need a snack, there is a Jamba Juice and Auntie Annes located on the first floor. Speaking of food, the basement of the Union is basically a really cozy food court. There are several major fast food chains downstairs including Wendys and Sbarro. This has become a favorite place of mine to go for lunch on many days. The basement is also a lot of fun too. There is a bowling alley, arcade room, and several TVs. The upper floors of the Union are pretty great as well. There are many meeting rooms and even hotel rooms located on the upper floors. The Illini Union is a great place on campus because it has a little bit of everything. If you need to study, choose the Union. If you want to eat, choose the Union. If you want to just have fun, choose the Union. Even though I already love this place, Im sure there are plenty of other great things that I will discover about the Union in the future. Jacob Class of 2019 I’m an Advertising student within the College of Media. My hometown is a place called Fairmount, Illinois, which is about 30 minutes from campus. I began my Illinois journey in the Division of General Studies.

Laddering technique as an in-depth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1256 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Advertising Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION This work is based on an interview conducted using the Laddering technique. (Gutman, 1982, cited in Reynolds and Gutman, 1988) describes the Laddering technique as an in-depth, one-on-one interview technique used to understand how consumers relate product attributes to self. The aim of this study is to elicit product attributes, consequences and values from the respondent and show the relationship among them. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Laddering technique as an in-depth" essay for you Create order The conclusion discusses the findings of the study in relation to marketing. The respondent is a 23-year old male student from London. The Laddering interview was analysed using the Mean-End Chain analysis by constructing a Hierarchical Value Map. INTERVIEW EXTRACT Interviewer: Could you list at least four characteristics of clothes that would make you buy them. Respondent: For the polo tops it would be the colour. Like I said I like bright, I dont like dull colours. When it comes to polos, I like them bright. So first of all, when Im selecting a polo top it would be based on the colour. If I see like a red or blue or something like that, then Ill go for that. And then secondly also, you have to look at the quality as well. You want something thatsgonna last. You know, you dont want something thats gonna start ripping after twoor three weeks so youre looking for the quality as well. Well, you can tell by just feeling it if its a good quality. And, well, sometimes to an extent based on if youre seeing, you know, adverts on television about that particular item of clothing, for example, you know, like say theyve done like a few adverts saying this the latest thing for young people then based on that I might go and buy it as well. So, yeah I think these are the main characteristics that make me choose my clothing. Interviewer: You mentioned colour. So why is colour important to you? Respondent: Because at the moment the more colourful you are, itscolour is used to determine, you know, like somebodys personality. Its mostly younger people who go for colourful, you know, bright things whereas older people want to be more reserved, they go for like, you know, kind of like brown, grey or black so that theyre not reallynoticed but younger people want to be noticed so they wear like really bright and colourfulthings so thatswhy I go for it. Interviewer: Why do you equate personality to colour? Respondent: Its just the way society is at the moment. If youre young and vibrant then you wantto stand out from the crowd and, I mean as you see most people wear, you know, things that make them blend in, like I said, like grey and black and you just blend into the crowd and you look likeevery other person. But if you wear something bright, you know, red, pink, and then you stand out and people, I meanif you want to stand out, that meansyou havea vibrant personality. Interviewer: Why do you want to stand out from the crowd? Respondent: Its just, I mean you knowwhen you dress upsometimes youre not just dressing up for other peopleyoure doing it for yourself. You want to feel good about yourselfYou want to know that you look good. So if you dress up like everybody else, no one, I mean, sometimes you also want to be noticed as well andlike I said if you just dress up to blend in with everybody else then no ones gonna really notice you until you wear something that distinguishes youfrom these people. Interviewer: Why would people noticing you be important to you? Respondent: Its not really of high importance but its just to make me feel good about myself, you know, you also get comments from people saying, oh yeah, â€Å"that top is really nice† or â€Å"those jeans are really niceâ₠¬  and you feel good about yourself, just to look good and then get this comments from peopleits not really of high importance but its something you like to hear from time to time. HIERARCHICAL VALUE MAP ANALYSIS The Hierarchical Value Map (HVM) in this study differs a little from the format recommended by Gengler et al, (Gengler et al, 1995 cited in Wagner, 2007) which shows the frequency of each element in addition to the number of the relevant cognitive relationships and structural connections among the cognitive elements. Due to the limitation of sample size, the HVM in this study focuses on indicating the relationships that exist among the cognitive elements- attributes, consequences and values. In Laddering, attributes refer to the distinct features of products that are offered to consumers. The consequences refer to the direct or indirect outcomes associated with the attributes (Wagner, 2007). For the purpose of this study, the attribute is colour of clothing. (Vinson et al 1977 cited in Wagner, 2007) describes values as cognitive elements that influence behaviour. From the Hierarchical Value Map (HVM), it can be seen that the respondent shops for clothes based on colour. Colou r is important to him because it defines his personality and also provides him with recognition from his peers. Recognition, in turn, leads to a feeling of well-being or satisfaction which he values. Recognition also creates opportunity for positive feedback from his friends. The provision of positive feedback from friends is also directly related to the feeling of well-being which, as has been mentioned, constitutes his value. The interview extracts and the HVM show that the respondent is concerned about the impression he makes in the minds of people. He desires the spotlight and will be willing to pay more for products that help him to attain his value. MARKETING IMPLICATIONS The data derived from the respondents HVM provides useful information for marketers. The HVM would be an invaluable tool for classifying the respondent into certain target segments. This segmentation would enable the marketers to target the respondent with the appropriate products thus shifting from a mass marketing approach to a target marketing approach. The HVM is also an important tool for choosing an advertising strategy (Reynolds and Gutman, 1988). Using the information on the HVM constructed in this study, marketers would be able to understand the driving forces that influence the respondents buying patterns and the type of products he prefers. With this information, they would be able to develop suitable advertisements with which to communicate their product offerings to the respondent. CONCLUSION The Laddering interview technique is a useful tool for deriving the values that shape the shopping habits of consumers. In the hands of an expert, it can elicit values from consumers which they never had knowledge of. By responding continuously to the interviewers questions, the consumer unwittingly discloses his values, and in the processes conveys to the interviewer his preferences in relation to product offerings. Thus, the consumer plays an important role in the design and development of new product offerings which results in the creation of added value for both the consumer and the marketing organisation- the consumer receives products that satisfy his values while the organisation benefits in the form of customer loyalty and profit. BIBLIOGRAPHY Malhotra, Naresh (2007) Marketing Research: an Applied Orientation Fifth Edition London: Pearson International Malhotra, Naresh and David Birks (2007) Marketing Research: An Applied Approach Third European Edition, Harlow: Prentice Hall Reynolds, J. Thomas and Gutman Jonathan (1988) ‘Laddering Theory, Method, Analysis, and Interpretation Journal of Advertising Research. Wagner, Tillmann (2007) ‘Shopping motivation revised: a means-end chain analytical perspective International Journal of Retail Distribution Management 35 (7) pp569-582

X a Fabulous Childs Story Essay - 660 Words

Louis Goulds X: A Fabulous Childs Story, is a tale about a child named X. In this tale, a group of scientists find fit parents to raise this new baby X. In this, the scientists will be able to see what would happen if the parents were to fail in training their child to conform to conventional gender stereotypes and expectations. This child X would be nurtured with the standards of the Official Instruction Manual and will be referred to as no other name but X. The identity, whether or not it is a boy or girl will also never be revealed which begins to aggravate their friends and family. Both of the parents bounced and cuddled their child. They bought toys and clothes for both boys and girls in hopes X would be strong and robust as†¦show more content†¦Sex, the biological condition of someone is different from their gender, which is just the label we put on the different sexes to distinguish between them. However, in society there are different roles each gender should carry out. For example, girls will play with Barbie dolls while boys will play with trucks. The stereotypes and labels used by society are demonstrated by the friends and family in Goulds article. When the parents would not conform to normal socially accepted gender roles their friends and family got aggravated and disconnected themselves. We are so influenced by the ideals that society portrays that we dont stop to realize there could be other possibilities. Yes X was either a boy or a girl but without anyone knowing it didnt matter. This article also deals with the nurture side of nature vs. nurture. The parents in this article taught X that it was not a girl or a boy but it was skilled at everything. This just shows that stereotypes are just stereotypes. For example women are portrayed as housewives who cook, clean and raise the children while men go to work and bring home the money. If this were in the case of X, it would be cooking, cleaning, and going out to work. 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Human Resource Planning Free Essays

string(111) " and deal with the staffing implications of their strategic human resources plans or change of business plans\." Human Resource (HR) Planning is the practice of determining and analysing the requirement for and supply of workforce in order to achieve the organisation’s goals and objectives, fulfil its mission and reach its vision (Mathis Jackson, 2000). HR planning predicts forces that will affect the availability and requirement of employees in the future. This process will result in top executives having superior analysis of human resource measurement for its decision making; HR expenditure being decreased due to the fact that management can forecast imbalances prior to them becoming costly; additional time will be available to place skills since requirements are predicted and analysed before staffing is done; excellent opportunities are present to comprise female and ethnic groups in upcoming developments; training of new managers can be improved. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Planning or any similar topic only for you Order Now The outcomes of these can be calculated and can be used for the evaluation of the accomplishments of HR planning (Mathis Jackson, 2000). Human resource planning is a course of action that will aim to facilitate the organisation’s plan in recruiting, improvement and training, substitution, cross-functional development and management of programs for benefits and rewards. Subsequently to guarantee in building the best valuable human resource plan, the organisation should analyse the necessity of a strategic business plan, work proficiency plan, workforce planning, training and improvement planning, career development planning and planning for right-sizing (Macaleer Shannon, 2003). Undeniably because of this analysis in HR planning, it is essential to have a sufficient Human Resource Information System (HRIS). The purpose of this is providing accurate, balance and on time information for the process. Now a computer-based system should provide a form of information about human resources necessary for strategic business decision making. This system reflects the relationship between work requirements, employee’s individual skills and levels of performance. In this instance, the information system serves as simple reflections of reality which will help develop better and effective business decisions which are known results in the codification of knowledge (Liff, 1997). In HR planning, external environmental forces should be considered such as present technology, political climate, economic situation, legal issues, social responsibility and cultural differences. Besides these external considerations are extremely important to HR activities especially, if HR planning is globally implemented. The serious pressures that are involve in a business are scarcity of talents, fast shifting technology, government regulations, environment, health, safety and changes in the market. In this situation, the human resource planning innovations of the company are affected. This will make sure that the organisation has the right work force with the right skills in the right jobs at the right moment. There is no argument that human resource planning should be associated with the strategic goals of the company. Hence, human resource planning is an important factor in managing an organisation competently and successfully. Accordingly, HR planning positively improves organisation performance if the HR plan is strategy-based and human resource is a convincing strategic collaborator (Macaleer Shannon, 2003). Most parts of the world may be in recession and economies are in disorder will result in worldwide effects on organisations and businesses. Any type of HR planning is presented with a surmountable differences of opinion connected with unpredictable and uncertain times. In this case, if the planning is done by HR professionals who have superior knowledge of magnitude and quality of essential resources needed for revitalization, there is optimism of future positive outcomes. According to Robert A. Simpkins (2009), an organisational adviser and educator, there are two types of plans. One is designed to guarantee ‘business continuity’ in the appearance of manmade or natural catastrophe. Second is a plan that is framed for the ‘uncertainty’ of the business environment. HR planning is the most critical part of the organisation’s strategic plans for the reason that observing and adjusting for environmental changes will make the success of the process. All the drivers of the company’s internal and external environment are altering at an accelerating speed including advancements in technology with respect to hardware, software and connectivity, globalization, shifting of sources and consumers, changing competition, changes in markets, the alteration of demographics, change of population lifestyle, the macro and micro changes in economics and the progressively more bewildering government and international regulations (Simpkins 2009). Businesses have the desire to stay significant in the face of consumers and stakeholders. Mostly, the organisations that maintained their importance have built remarkable HR plans that are continually reviewed and modernized. Regrettably, other businesses build better folders that compose overall strategic human resources plans that are short of any back-up planning, and these stay behind on the shelf gathering dust for years, inappropriate to a present shifting business climate. Finally, Simpkins (2009) concludes that an organisation needs to design a communicable HR plan that is not detailed enough to slow down operation. Since HR professionals are with higher-level of understanding, the group will have the elasticity to adjust what will take place in the future. The solution to a positive result is to keep HR plan flexible (Simpkins, 2009). Human resources issues have been the first among all business issues to affect the outcome of a business organisation. Human resources have risks and these risks are the challenges that resulted from managing your employees, processes and procedures. Therefore by dealing with these risks in HR and finance, one can make positive organisational outcomes. On the other hand, if these issues are not addressed appropriately these possibly will cause major harm to the business (Steffee, 2008). Public personnel management research and practices increasingly focus on creative human resource management (HRM) strategies for recruiting individuals with Information Technology (IT) expertise and retaining employees with institutional knowledge, particularly in light of impending retirements. Some agencies face unique workforce demographic challenges, while others face shifts in missions or technologies. For these reasons, the U. S. Office of Personnel Management relaxed some regulations to allow federal agencies to meet their staffing needs (Mastracci, 2009, p. 19). With regards to staffing needs, workforce planning is the course of action that companies utilize to recognize and deal with the staffing implications of their strategic human resources plans or change of business plans. You read "Human Resource Planning" in category "Papers" Workforce planning has a sole objective, to develop a long term perspective within which short term workforce decisions can be achieved efficiently. Staffing strategy is a long term plan that makes sure that availability of employees matches its requirement for employees. Staffing plans illustrate short term plans which an organisation will make in the immediate future to deal with staffing gaps and excesses. By implementing this procedure, the businesses can make certain it has the accurate quantity of people, with the appropriate skill, in position at the right moment. Workforce planning can facilitate the execution of business changes and innovations. The growth in organisations is anticipated overtime during the workforce planning phases. This process is essential in determining the staffing that would be required for growth that will make sure the needed skills will be obtainable to accomplish those development goals. It also allows a business company to construct and implement downsizing plans in the best efficient method. The absence of this strategy makes it hard to identify staffing reductions that have a positive effect on the future of the organisation (Bechet, 2008). Rightsizing or downsizing or organisational decimation is a persistent strategic human resource practice for the last thirty years (Gandolfi, 2008). This refers to the planned removal of big quantity of workforce intended to improve organisational efficiency. In fact, this process is a commonly accepted company solution in times of financial difficulties of the organisation. Although studies show enough indication that rightsizing companies is not generally a successful method of reaching goals of optimum output and maximum profit. However, rightsizing sometimes cannot be avoided; workforce reduction ought to be a management means of last resort rather than first option. For the duration of an economic recession, an organisation should think of all its options and examine the viability and applicability of cost-reduction alternatives before considering rightsizing. In fact predicting a business decline can be very hard, therefore, organisations have the immediate reaction rather than forecasting economic downturns (Gandolfi, 2008). Take the case of IBM, although the company planned to steer clear of downsizing its workforce however, the company declared plans of workforce reduction and by the early 1990’s IBM right sized its organisation by decreasing its employment by 40,000 at that time alone. However, IBM made an effort to become reactive by changing products and attempted to acquire the promptness and responsibility edges of fast reacting manufacturers (Greer, 2001). On the other hand, back in the 1980’s a small number of organisations marked workforce planning and marked as part of their human resource strategy. ATT and some large oil firms were the models of this. Due to the fact that having a large volume of employees, these organisations called for some forms of workforce planning. ATT made recognition for its succession planning, evaluation and career advancement programs. Rightsizing and reorganising achieved momentum for this time period. Strategic human resource was beginning to expand and become increasingly strategic because of the fast growing economy and globalisation at the end of the decade (Gubman, 2004). In another case, similar to any big organisations, Eastman Kodak has tried with a variety of human resource planning programs for the past decades. One of the successful programs centred on workforce requirements. HR planning by that time was perceived as a method to make certain that the right number and right kind of employees were at the right position at the right moments. Skills assessments were believed to be the suitable base for HR planning. Similar to any firm, Kodak discovered that there were no general definitions of HR planning. The company realised that they ‘borrowed, adapted, discovered and created’ their way to an approach to HR planning that was aligned to the market situation at that time and be reactive to its changes (Bennet Brush, 2007). We have developed a framework and process for thinking about and doing HR planning, which I’ve labelled: â€Å"HR planning in â€Å"3D. † The three dimensional environment at Eastman Kodak – diversity, decentralisation, and dynamism – has significantly affected the character and objectives of the HR planning process (Bennet Brush, 2007, p. 46). In this concept, the human resource function at Eastman Kodak Company was restricted with the goals on magnifying the strategic dimensions of human resource management. In this situation, HR is reshaped as a foundation of market competitive edge and new HR planning procedures were built to strengthen this edge. In the 1990’s, the implementation of this procedures required new HR abilities. The company’s made efforts to utilize HR planning to create a tougher and more aggressive corporation (Bennet Brush, 2007). We have found several key integrative elements which, from an HR standpoint, seem to make sense in a â€Å"3D† environment. These elements are: corporate management themes; HR planning processes; and HR competencies. Working together, in an ensemble of influence and activity, these elements help to create, sustains, and reinforces strategic business unity (Bennet Brush, 2007, pp. 48-49). Corporate management themes facilitate in building a focus for a united business environment to achieve its objectives. As of HR planning processes, planning is staged at the corporate and business points. In this process, Eastman Kodak Company is creating efficient HR staff and on this level, this will make the company’s HR planning a ‘competitive weapon in our business arsenal’ (Bennet Brush, 2007). In the belief that the existing process of uniting and sharpening the corporation’s HR goals will result in considerable outcomes over the decades by concentrating our efforts and finances and giving to the corporation’s evolution. In HR competencies, HR planning is designed to support the Kodak Company by developing its ability to face the future and having the objective for improvement of Corporate Relations. An efficient production HR team, a competent HR planning process and the corporate themes put together will create unity of goals and objectives and create production’s capability to implement strategy. On the whole, the Kodak Company started to distinguish the advancement and positive results as the outcome of knowledge acquired on this process. As Kodak Company has started to achieve its goals, there is an opportunity for transformation of HR functions. The corporation anticipate that successful HR planning, in a ‘3D environment’, will be Kodak’s ‘vehicle for landing safely in the 21’st century’ (Boroski, 1990). The point of view on the Annual HR Strategic Planning Process of Corning Incorporated is that the HR staff employs to make HR investments and services the main concern in support with business needs. Overtime, this procedure has contributions from Human Capital Planning process, HR objectives and other organisation innovations. To efficiently attached HR strategy with business strategy a Human Capital Planning process was created in Corning Incorporated. The outcome gave managers tools and skills for ability development and gave HR a method of determining requirements over the organisation. To allow the determination of the skill that will affect the positive outcome of business strategy, HR planning should find out the quantity of employees needed and determine talent gaps. Incorporating both the workforce planning and operating plan process have facilitated to create a more aligned global HR function for Corning Incorporated. Important components of a good HR planning process are composed of different methods for collecting information; corporate strategy input from top executives; direction from top managers and business participation from each business facilitated by HR function. Furthermore, placement of the HR planning process with the business strategy procedures enhances HR’s capacity to support the functions it presents with the requirements for its market Bennet Brush, 2007). In the early 1990’s, in order to meet Colgate-Palmolive Company’s objective of ‘becoming the best truly global consumer products company’ (Khanna Randolph, n. d. ) it human resources made the building of its human resources strategy. The corporation is continually dedicated to developing the human resources for sustainable competitive ed ge in the global market. The HR strategy team was grouped into Geographic Excellence, Category Excellence and Functional Excellence. The Global Human Resources Business Plans is nothing until it is put into action. Colgate should consider consumer’s needs in order to accomplish the innovations of HR planning. HR plays an important part to assist Colgate employees to continually improve. HR makes an effort with management to build training, career planning, performance development, communications and reward systems. The process will make sure that Colgate employees have the chance for advancement, empowerment and continually improve its abilities (Smith, Boroski Davis, 1992). On other respects, the organisation that is considering outsourcing, HR planning staff should be active partners of workforce planning processes. In the present economic situation, active human resource planning processes integrating flexible workforce preparations are adapted to a much greater degree. Outsourcing is not only part of workforce planning besides it is also a tool in human resource planning. HR planners should be part of the organisational change: evaluation, contract negotiation, transition and stabilisation as these control decisions of the process. HR planning should have the control of the decisions and as the effect of its absence of this practices may result in failures (Khanna Randolph, 2005). The social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical and discretionary expectations that society has of organisations at a given point in time. The social responsibilities of a business include to produce goods or services, to make a profit, to obey the laws and regulations, to act ethically, to consider the public good in every decision that is made and to place ethics above personal gains. To be socially responsible a person or business must consider all aspects of society when making a decision. (Clark Seward, 2000, p. 2) In human resource planning the process should incorporate the highest level of social responsibility. As Milton Friedman maintains that a business organisation has no social responsibilities other than to get the highest possible profits (Ramlall, 2009). In spite of this belief, now there is a general awareness among business organisations that sustainable achievement and stockholders share value cannot be materialised by maximising pro duction but rather by having social responsible attitude (Ramlall, 2009). In another case, human resource should consider employee participation for good governance and corporate social responsibility. As an evidence of its importance is that, it is the basis as a legal tool in composing international institutions to regulate global corporations. In spite of this, business corporations make a general view in making HR procedures regarding the implementation of corporate social responsibility policies and personal views on employee relations that will affect the overall view of labour relations (Daugareilh, 2008). For multinational corporations like Enron, WorldCom and Citigroup, ethics are the most important aspect as an organisation. Everyday all kinds of organisations have to face some kind of moral issue that has the making of a scandal that sometimes will end up in the multimedia business sections. In today’s era, it is a challenge to confront moral dilemmas such as workforce retention, attracting people, promotion, pay, sexual harassment and other HR practices. How a business corporation will respond to these moral issues will affect organisational environment and will also incite legal actions and will result a negative perception from investors and consumers. Human resource planning practises call for not only reaching organisational objectives besides it will also institute and sustain these processes around ethical grounds (Kubal, Baker Coleman, 2006). HR staff should have the foresight and the character to incorporate in its practises the various value systems in a business corporation. Although this is not just idealism, global competitions compel HR orientation to focus on profit. HR planning practices must consider decisions that are driven by the business or driven for the business. HR should lead as the guardians of the organisation’s strategic ability. Likewise HR practises must also be the guardians of the whole organisation’s ethical and moral integrity (Wright Snell, 2005). Unquestionably, in having human resource management program it must recognize laws and regulations in dealing with its people. This will make the legal environment of human resources. Due to the fact that this is a complicated aspect of the organisation, this increasingly involves Human Resource Management. Persistent labour laws must be taken into consideration in overall Human Resource Planning formulation because in practising legal compliance is usually the source of strategic edge in the human resource management point of view (Greer, 2001). Human resource management policies and practices are designed to decide employee’s disagreements and make workplace justice. Similarly, an ethical decision to arrive at a solution to this dilemma is the innate character of human resource management practices and has brought about changes to Australian labour laws. Human Resource management role as a ‘strategic partner’ and also the one who will look after employees’ welfare cannot be seen as a neutral overseer of workplace disputes. That is why a development of a code of ethics should be considered when creating human resources planning processes (Van Gramberg Teicher, 2006). Take the case in workforce resizing under human resource planning processes, there are legal implications in this situation. With regards to employing and terminating people in an organisation, there is training involved that covers different fair employment and antidiscrimination laws. A typical case in this matter was the case of United Steelworkers of America v. Weber (1979). Brian Weber sued Kaiser Aluminum and his union for racial discrimination (Clardy, 2003). On the whole, Human Resource (HR) planning is the process of combining human resource procedural plans with strategic business plans. HR planning is integrated along the whole of the business planning process. After identifying business goals and objectives, HR planning practices deal with building the workforce, capabilities and management needed to implement the strategic plans. HR planning is created to make sure that the organisation has the important ability to compete in the business world considering the unpredictability of today’s economy. External environment considerations such as economic, social, legal, cultural, political, ethics and technology should be taken into account since this will influence HR planning. The concept of HR planning of Eastman Kodak, Corning and Colgate Palmolive is to develop organisational capability that both will facilitate the innovation of human resource management strategy and integrating this with the companies’ business strategy. How to cite Human Resource Planning, Papers Human Resource Planning Free Essays Human resource planning is the foundation of human resource management and it can be defined as the process that the human resource department continues using when hiring new employees. The main objective of HR planning ensures that they have the right number of people in the right place at the right time. HR planning is really helpful for some large companies in meeting their goals in the future with suitable employees. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Planning or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are five different objectives in Human resource planning. The first objective of Human resource planning is preventing overstaffing and understaffing. Having more employees in an organization may cause inefficiency in procedures because if there are more employees than needed the payroll will also be extreme. If the organization has fewer employees than needed this results in loss of revenue because the organization is not capable of satisfying the current demands. The second objective of Human resource planning is to ensure that they have the right number of people in the right place at the right time. Organizations that are recruiting have keep some work to get ahead the multiple kinds of skills, working habits and personal character of the employee they need to hire. The third objective of Human resource planning is to ensure that the changes in the environment are responsible by the organization. To consider the various changes in the organization like economy may increase, may remain stable, may decrease; regulations of government may continue to be stable Human resource planning might need the help of decision makers to study these various situations that are related to various fields in the environment. The fourth objective of Human resource planning is to provide the route and logic to all the activities in the HR system. Human resource planning plans all the human resource planning systems such as hiring, training and expansion of an employee, to and measures the performance of the employees in the organization. Human resource management has to understand how changes in one area may effect in the other areas of the organization. The fifth objective of Human resource planning is to join the outlooks of staff managers. It is a know fact that HR staff manages and initiates the HR planning in any organization but all the information HR staffs needed for planning comes from all the managers in the organization. So communication between HR staff and managers is very important for successful human resource planning. Generally there are two different levels of human resource planning. They are Aggregate planning and succession planning. Aggregate planning helps companies to expect the needs of employees in groups. The first in aggregate planning is focusing on the employee demands. Succession planning can be defined as focusing on the single management of the organization and ensures that all the positions are filled with the right person that best suitable for the critical positions. The dean of a school uses the following techniques of HR planning to decide how many faculty and staff he need to employ in the coming academic year and which specific employees to retain, reassign, or release. The first process is that the dean has to ensure that there is no interruption to the day to day activities caused by accidental activities by going through the succession planning. Secondly the dean has to observe the employees and their skills for continuity of their position in coming years. Even though it is known fact that the human resource planning is followed by the strategic planning, the information collected by human resource management from the managers continuous it valuation of internal organization by using strategic planning method. The third process that the dean has to follow is to understand the labor shifts in the market for the requirements of the position and skills of the employee. By observing all the requirements and skills of the employee with the market will help the organization to stay always top from its competitors. Fourth process is that the dean has to focus on developing the employees with the required skills in the organization to achieve the planned aims and have to ensure that there will be a successful carrier in the future for the organization. Fifth process is planning the budget and allocating them to the employees as planned in the organization. The next process is to ensure they are not overspending the money. Over and under staffing costs are controlled by human resource planning department and ensure that the organization remain competitive. Finally the dean has to go through the external factors which affect the organization, external factors that affect the organization are like labor market, social environment and competitors etc.. How to cite Human Resource Planning, Essay examples

Attitude creative writing Essay Example For Students

Attitude creative writing Essay I woke up early today, excited over all I get to do before the clock strikes midnight. I have responsibilities to fulfill today. I am important. My job is to choose what kind of day I am going to have. Today I can complain because the weather is rainy or I can be thankful that the grass is getting watered for free. Today I can feel sad that I dont have more money or I can be glad that my finances encourage me to plan my purchases wisely and guide me away from waste. Today I can grumble about my health or I can rejoice that I am alive. Today I can lament over all that my parents didnt give me when I was growing up or I can feel grateful that they allowed me to be born. Today I can cry because roses have thorns or I can celebrate that thorns have roses. Today I can mourn my lack of friends or I can excitedly embark upon a quest to discover new relationships. Today I can whine because I have to go to work or I can shout for joy because I have a job to do. Today I can complain because I have to go to school or eagerly open my mind and fill it with rich new tidbits of knowledge. Today I can murmur dejectedly because I have to do housework or I can feel honored because God has provided shelter for my mind, body and soul. Today stretches ahead of me, waiting to be shaped. And here I am, the sculptor who gets to do the shaping. What today will be like is up to me. I get to choose what kind of day I will have! Have a great dayunless you have other plans.

Photosynthesis Essays (190 words) - Photosynthesis, Light Reactions

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in 3 main stages: energy is captured from sunlight, then it's converted into chemical energy and stored in organic molecules. Photosystems are light harvesting units of the thylakoid membrane. Each photosystem has four hundred pigment molecules. A photon hits the pigment molecules and travels through each molecule and then reaches the reaction center as shown in figure 1-1. The thylakoid membrane has two photosystems, photosystem 1 & 2. The reaction center in photosystem 1 is called P700 because this pigment is best at absorbing 700 mm light. Photosystem 2's reaction center is called P680 because it is best at absorbing 680 mm light. Calvin Cycle The Calvin cycle begins by incorporating Co2 from the air into molecules in the chloroplast. This action is called carbon fixation. The next thing it does is add electrons to the fixed carbon to make it carbohydrate. The power of the Calvin cycle comes from NADPH. The Calvin cycle also needs energy from ATP, which is generated by light reactions. This is reaction is called "dark reactions" because it does not directly need light to work. So basically all the Calvin cycle does is make sugar with out light but with help from ATP & NADPH.

How to Find the Molecular Mass of a Compound

How to Find the Molecular Mass of a Compound The molecular mass or molecular weight is the total mass of a compound. It is equal to the sum of the individual atomic masses of each atom in the molecule. Its easy to find the molecular mass of a compound with these steps: Determine the molecular formula of the molecule.Use the periodic table to determine the atomic mass of each element in the molecule.Multiply each elements atomic mass by the number of atoms of that element in the molecule. This number is represented by the subscript next to the element symbol in the molecular formula.Add these values together for each different atom in the molecule. The total will be the molecular mass of the compound. Example of Simple Molecular Mass Calculation For example, to find the molecular mass of NH3, the first step is to look up the atomic masses of nitrogen (N) and hydrogen (H). H 1.00794N 14.0067 Next, multiply the atomic mass of each atom by the number of atoms in the compound. There is one nitrogen atom (no subscript is given for one atom). There are three hydrogen atoms, as indicated by the subscript. molecular mass (1 x 14.0067) (3 x 1.00794)molecular mass 14.0067 3.02382molecular mass 17.0305 Note the calculator will give an answer of 17.03052, but the reported answer contains fewer significant figures because there are six significant digits in the atomic mass values used in the calculation. Example of Complex Molecular Mass Calculation Heres a more complicated example: Find the molecular mass (molecular weight) of Ca3(PO4)2. From the periodic table, the atomic masses of each element are: Ca 40.078P 30.973761O 15.9994 The tricky part is figuring out how many of each atom are present in the compound. There are three calcium atoms, two phosphorus atoms, and eight oxygen atoms. How did you get that? If part of the compound is in parentheses, multiply the subscript immediately following the element symbol by the subscript that closes the parentheses. molecular mass (40.078 x 3) (30.97361 x 2) (15.9994 x 8)molecular mass 120.234 61.94722 127.9952molecular mass 310.17642 (from the calculator)molecular mass 310.18 The final answer uses the correct number of significant figures. In this case, its five digits (from the atomic mass for calcium). Tips for Success Remember, if no subscript is given after an element symbol, it means there is one atom.A subscript applies to the atom symbol it follows. Multiply the subscript by the atoms atomic weight.Report your answer using the correct number of significant figures. This will be the smallest number of significant figures in the atomic mass values. Watch rules for rounding and truncating, which depend on the situation.

Application of Terry Eageltons Marist and Sociocultural Theory In Essay

Application of Terry Eageltons Marist and Sociocultural Theory In Analyzing Coleridges Rime of the Ancient Mariner - Essay Example Through application of his theory, this paper will endeavor to extract Marixst leanings from both within the lines of the poem and from the implied intent of the poet's subconscious. In the discussion of the aesthetic and its relation to poetry, Eagleton is forced to slip outside the covers of Marx and examine the background of human thought on the subject. Yet he manages to do this with a critical eye from a communal perspective. When discussing Heidegger, Eagleton addresses the notion of Dasein, that is, the essence of Being that resides in humanity that somehow manifests and transcends the mere existence of Being. This rhetoric essentially boils down that communication of the human experience comes through various media (which itself is both open to and in need of interpretation); the primary means through which this information is made accessible is through the process of language. Heidegger claims that because language is the means through which humanity communicates Being (especially that of feeling or experience), poetry is its most succinct expression, that "Poetry is the saying of the unconcealed ness of beings." (Ideology, 301). Heidegger presumes that the precision of poetry's brevity is the most direct link between the idea/symbol and the thing, and that it therefore is the closest means of unifying the two. He admits that poetry, much like language, can only exist through itself, yet in doing so it reveals the truth of being through the its manifestations. Thus the poet is only acting as a sort of spiritual medium for the greater state of human Being. Heidegger's aesthetics therefore except a degree of 'untruth' of poetry - in that it does not directly relate to reality but is rather epiphanies granted from the nature of this Being which exists outside of this world but can be tapped into by the very nature of mankind's use of language. Marx views language as "practical, real consciousness that exists for other men and only therefore does it exist for me; language arises from the need of intercourse with other men." (Marx, 7). If the former argument sounds obscure and detached from reality, that's because it is and Marx is adamantly opposed to such obtuse metaphysical rhetoric. Furthermore, Marxist opinion has affected all following analysis: post World War II critic Theodor Adorno offers the synopsis of Heidegger's theory of writing poetry as "One speaks from a depth which would be profaned if it were called content." (Ideology, 301). Adorno instead argues that a concept and a thing are two entirely different things, the concept of a thing is unique from the thing itself, as the use of language to describe the thing is based solely upon socially accepted and understood means of denoting the thing. As such, "poetry strives to phenomenalize language " (Ideology, 342) goal that ultimately defeats itself, since the mo re the language strives to emulate the thing, the more the description manifests as a distinct and separate entity. An example of this can be discovered through a very brief search as to the myriad descriptions available to any subject, be it Death, the seasons, a pet or so forth. Adorno thus hinges much of his argument upon style, or rather, the means with which an individual

Public Meeting Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Public Meeting Paper - Essay Example Under the open meeting law, Phoenix city hall building notice board is the only official board to be trusted with official postings of the phoenix city council. Alhambra village planning committee and the public was to hold a public open meeting on 26th February 2013, 6.00pm at Washington Adult Centre. The village planning committee of Alhambra usually meets on the 4th Tuesday every month at the Washington Adult Center. The residents of Alhambra village are mostly stable, mature and the area is characterized single-family home neighborhoods. The area boasts of houses built in 1920s and 1930s but are well maintained (City of Phoenix 1). Located at the entrance of the meeting was the sign- in table for the attendees to register and to be given the handouts. Input and contribution to the meeting by attendees was encouraged in many ways. The attendees interested in public participation during the hearing were to fill the speaker card, write comment forms, and send emails to the planning committee. The total numbers of the local citizens who signed in and attended were one hundred and thirteen. Also in attendance were the members of the Neighborhoods, Housing, and Development Subcommittee. The committee is empowered to provide policy guidance on matters of housing, historic preservation, preservation, homeless, planning, zoning, domestic violence, and reviews developments such as site plans and inspections (City of Phoenix 1). Apart from the people presumed to be the residents, local politicians and the members of the committee which represented the authority, there were no strange people. The media was conspicuously absent. Also absent were the professionals like the surveyors and land economists. The attendees were given the option of returning their speaker cards and written comment forms before the meeting or even submitting comment forms or sending emails

Implementing Alternative Sources of Energy

Implementing Alternative Sources of Energy Chapter 1 Introduction 1.0 Introduction Hotels constitute a key element of the organized chain of activity in the travel and tourism industry, and occupy a crucial place in concerns over environmental protection related to tourism and travel. The hotel industry, because of the nature of its functions, characteristics, and services, consumes substantial quantities of energy, water, and non-durable products. It has been estimated that most environmental impacts created by the hotel industry can be attributed to site planning and facility management; excessive consumption of local and imported non-durable goods, energy, and water; and emissions into the air, water, and soil (APAT 2002; Mensah 2004; Trung and Kumar 2005). 1.1 Problem Statement Integration of renewable energy sources into hotel operations is perceived as the most promising form of crisis mitigation. There are two types of energy: renewable which is infinite and non-renewable which will run out in the future. Alternative energy includes wood or biomass, wind energy, solar energy, fusion and hydropower. Non-renewable energy includes fossil fuels, coal, geothermal power and nuclear fission. Even if with many promising alternative energy sources, hoteliers remember that conservation is the key to efficient energy use, no matter what the source of the energy may be. Energy consumption in hotels is among the highest in the non-residential building sector in absolute values. Available specific information on the energy characteristics, thermal performance, energy losses, electric loads, and comfort conditions play significant role for the sustainable development of hotels systems. During the past years, there has been rising interest, there has been increasing int erest, in the use of the concept of energy. The use of renewable sources in energy production with the need to promote sustainable tourism, provide energy-based amenities for tourists, and ensure environmental protection, and it focuses on solar power, wind power, the power of running water and biomass, the power of biofuel for motor vehicles, and biothermal energy. We are in an alarming situation in Mauritius whereby there is an increase in the arrival of tourist. The hotels sector has expand a lot with new hotels constructed. Moreover, due to that increase of tourist in hotel meaning that there is indirectly and directly an increase in the level of energy consumption. The increase in the energy consumed is having an impact upon the environment, hence hoteliers are now trying to find a solution to prevent environmental degradation. There is a need in using alternative source of energy in order to reduce their consumption and also to reduce their cost. Aims Objective of Study The aim is to analyse the alternative source of energy use in hotels and how it can be implemented with the following objectives: To analyse to which extent hotels are aware of alternative energy Assessing the alternative source of energy of hotels To assess how far the hotels are ready to implement alternative source of energy Evaluate the barriers in implementing alternative energy in hotel CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction In light of global climate change, issues of energy consumption in the international tourism industry have been receiving increased attention. In recent years, the tourism literature has increasingly recognized energy as an important issue. In particular, G à ¶ ssling et al (2005, p. 418) state: ‘ the use of fossil fuels and related emissions of greenhouse gases is, from a global point of view, the most pressing environmental problem related to tourism. The hotel sector has also been recognized as a key contributor of greenhouse gas emissions ( Warnken et al , 2004 ; Becken, 2005 ; Scott et al , 2007 ), research such as that conducted by Becken (2005) suggests that this has not typically been a major environmental concern for   tourism stakeholders. Moreover, a major concern among the hoteliers are to adapt new strategies in implementing alternative sources of energy which will help in reducing their consumption of the actual energy which is relatively high and costly. As su ch, Becken (2005) argues that energy has not been a major environmental concern for tourism stakeholders. 2.1 Consumption of energy by the Hotel Sector Energy has long been considered a component of environmental sustainability in tourism. For example, the environmental sustainability principle of the International Ecotourism Standard specifies that ecotourism products should minimize energy consumption, maximize energy efficiency, and implement procedures to train staff and provide relevant information to guests   ( Green Globe, 2004 ). Hotels are among the most energy-intensive compo ­nents of the tourism industry, representing essential tourist services and an important source of employment. As such In tourisms early stage, most of the energy was used to provide lighting inside and around buildings, and to provide heating. Energy was also used in storing and preserving foodstuffs, preparing and serving food, and for sanitary purposes (for bathroom facilities, laundries). Recently, the consumption of energy used in air-conditioning or for the needs of various auxiliary facilities (swimming pools, saunas, lounges) has grown con siderably. About one third of all energy consumed is used in guest rooms (30 percent of total consumption of electricity, 36 per cent of total energy used in heating, ventilating and air-conditioning, and 34 per cent of total water consumption). In this situation Energy is a key precondition to tourism processes. At a final-product level, electrical energy and heat power are the forms of energy most commonly used, while mechanical energy and solar and wind power are used substantially less. 2.2 Energy sources All other forms of energy belonging to the second group are nonrenewable: fossil fuel (coal, crude oil and natural gas), nuclear power, the Earths internal heat energy released on its surface (hot springs), the Earths internal heat energy that is renewed in its interior through the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium, and light atoms that are needed for fusion to take place. These nonrenewable forms are finite energy sources, and their duration depends upon the intensity with which they are exploited. Coal is the primary energy source of fossil fuels, and its combustion releases great quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. From an ecological viewpoint, this represents the pivotal problem of using fossil fuels, because CO2 and other emissions impact on the environment and pollute the atmosphere through greenhouse gasses. At the same time, the era of cheap fossil fuel has come to an end, and newly awoken concerns about fossil fuel security have further made dependency on them less desirable. In addition, the mean annual temperatures are predicted to rise in the order of 1.20-7.07à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚ ¦C between 2070 and 2099, further exacerbating the problem (Mimura et al. 2007). The prevalence of fossil-fuel generated power and the (still) marginal utilisation of renewable energy resources translate into significant emissions of particulates, nitrogen and sulphur oxides and other air pollutants, both locally and globally. Secondary pollution in the form of acid rain causes the acidification of lakes and soils, with negative effects on flora and fauna, human health and man-made structures and products. The decades of cheap fossil fuel did little to help promote the technology and subsequently it was not until the late 1990s that renewable International Journal of Sustainable Energy 95 energy gained new momen tum in the energy agendas of local governments and international organisations alike. The four principal strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in accommodations include: reducing overall energy use, improving energy effi ciency, increasing the use of alternative energy sources and offsetting emissions through the development of renewable energy projects or the planting of trees to act as carbon sinks ( Ãâ€" n à ¼ t and Soner, 2006 ; Becken and Hay, 2007 ; Dalton et al , 2007 ; Scott et al , 2007 ;UNWTO, 2007a ). 2.3 Alternative sources of energy 2.3.1 A solar thermal collector A solar thermal collector is a solar collector considered to bring together heat by absorbing sunlight. The word is useful to solar hot water panels, but can also be used to denote more difficult installations like solar parabolic, solar trough and solar towers or easier installations such as solar air heat. The more multifaceted collectors are normally used in solar power plants where solar heat is used to generate electricity by heating water to fabricate steam which drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator. The simpler collectors are typically used for supplemental room heating in residential and commercial buildings. A collector is a tool for converting the energy in solar radiation into a more functional or storable form. The energy in sunlight is in the form of electromagnetic radiation from the infrared (long) to the ultraviolet (short) wavelengths. The solar power striking the Earths surface depends on weather conditions, as well as location and direction of the surface, but in general it averages about 1,000 watts per square meter under lucid skies with the surface straight perpendicular to the suns rays. 2.3.1.1 About Parabolic Trough Solar Trough solar systems use parabolic rounded trough shaped reflectors center the suns power onto a receiver pipe running at the focus of the reflector. Because of their parabolic shape, troughs can focus the sun at 30-60 times its usual intensity on the receiver pipe. The intense energy heats a heat transfer fluid (HTF), typically oil, flowing through the pipe. This fluid is then used to produce steam which powers a turbine that drives an electric generator. The collectors are united on and east-west axis and the trough is rotated to follow the sun to make best use of the suns energy input to the receiver tube.   Heat transfer fluid (usually oil) runs through the tube to absorb the concentrated sunlight. This rises the temperature of the fluid to some 400 °C. The heat transfer fluid is then used to heat steam in a normal turbine generator. 2.3.2 Biogas Biogas can bring a spotless, effortlessly controlled source of alternative energy from organic waste materials for a small labour input, replacing firewoood or fossil fuels (which are becoming more expensive as supply falls behind demand). During the conversion process pathogen levels are diminished and plant nutrients made more willingly available, so better crops can be grown while accessible resources are preserved. Since small scale units can be moderately simple to build and function biogas should be used openly if possible (for cooking, heating, lighting and absorption refrigeration), since both electricity generation and density of gas (for storage or use in vehicles)use large amounts of energy for a small output of functional energy. This idea is suited to distributed systems where waste is treated close to the source, and mud is also reused locally,to reduce transport and primary capital cost compared to a centralised system. As the distributed system will need a sustain network, biogas contributes to the triple bottom line; benefiting the environment, reducing costs and contributing to the social organization. This kind of biogas consists mainly methane and carbon dioxide. Other types of gas generated by use of biomass are wood gas, which is formed by gasification of wood or biomass. This type of gas consists mainly of nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide, with little amounts of methane. Biogas may be used as a low-cost fuel in the hotel industry for any heating function, such as cooking. It may also be used in present waste management amenities where it can be used to run any type of heat engine, to produce either mechanical or electrical power. Biogas can be compacted, like natural gas, and used to power motor vehicles and in the UK for example is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17% of vehicle fuel.   Biogas is a renewable fuel, so it qualifies for renewable energy subsidies in a few parts of the world. 2.3.3 Biomass Biomass, a renewable energy source, is organic material from living, or freshly living organisms such as wood, waste, hydrogen gas, and alcohol fuels. The biomass- energy- materials technology (Pinatti, 1999)—better known by its BEM acronym—uses acid pre-hydrolysis in a vacuum reactor in order to separate municipal solid wastes into two fractions. Biomass is commonly plant matter grown to generate electricity or generate heat. In this way, organic biomass can be integrated, as plants can also engender electricity while still alive. The most conservative way in which biomass is used however, still relies on direct incineration. However, it is possible to use biogas tapped from existing dumps and resulting in nil fuel costs, and either select or compatibilize technologies for upgrading the use of future municipal solid wastes, also with negative fuel costs, or ‘‘opportunity cost of waste function Vollebergh (1997), based on the amount of garbage that will not disposed in dumps. Forest organic residues for example (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings, wood chips and rubbish are often used for. Biomass also includes plant or animal matter used for production of chemicals. Biomass may include recyclable wastes that can be use to burn as fuel. However, it excludes such organic materials as fossil fuels, which have been altered by geological processes into substances like petroleum.. 2.3.4 Flat plate collectors Flat plate collectors, developed by Hottel and Whillier in the 1950s, are the most common type known still now. They consist of (1) a dark flat-plate absorber of solar power, (2) a transparent cover that allows solar energy to pass through but reduces heat losses, (3) a heat-transport fluid (air, antifreeze or water) to remove heat from the absorber, and (4) a heat insulating backing. It contain of a slight absorber sheet (of thermally stable polymers, aluminum, steel or copper, to which a black or selective coating is applied) often backed by a grid or coil of fluid tubing placed in an insulated casing with a glass or polycarbonate cover. Most air heat fabricates and some water heat manufacturers have a completely swamped absorber consisting of two sheets of metal which the fluid passes through. The heat exchange part is greater than they may be slightly more efficient than usual absorbers. 2.3.5 Hydro Using water force as a source of energy is not new method. Some countries, such as Canada, are dependent upon on hydro power. Clearly, the availability is restricted to specific region. And to make competent use of hydro power, the scale must be enough. While the contribution of hydro is important, it is not expected to belong to the main flow in terms of aggressive growth of green energy on a global basis (Halldo ´rsson and Stenzel, 2001). 2.3.5 Geothermal Earth heat source on the 9000 degrees Farenheit inner earth hotness and steadily reduces in temperature closer to the surfaces, but the temperature close to the surface vary greatly. Rainwater that sips in deeper parts of the earth gets hot and is known as geothermal source. In several parts of the world this water finds its means back to the surface via cracks and faults, such as geysers (i.e. in Iceland) and boiling springs. As with solar energy, the matter is how to tap that virtually unlimited spring of green energy. In most cases the trick is to bore to find and get access to the geothermal basis. The hot water can then be used both straight and in geothermal power plants, which consists of three varieties. Steam can directly be used to produce electricity with a dry steam generator. Water among 300-700 degrees Farenheit can be used in a Flash Power Plant, where hot water is flashed into vapor, Water with a warmth as low as 220 degrees Farenheit can be used in a Binary Power Pla nt, where the hot water in some way produces steam from a fluid with a lower boiling peak using warmth exchangers. The used water is fed back into the basis for reheating. It is renewable in a sense, as the obtainable heat capacity has its limits. Currently, the universal capacity of geothermal power plants is over 9000MW. The energy cost of easy access geothermal energy power plants is similar to wind energy. An MIT study showed that it is possible to increase the capability in the US alone to at least 100,000 MW, requiring a speculation of up to US$1 billion. It is analogous to drilling for oil; the more you want, the more hard (expensive) it is to find the sources. Clearly, geothermal energy can become a major provider to the worlds energy needs on the long term. Geothermal power plants can regulate the output to the required requests, which is a important advantage and makes them very suitable for base load power (the amount of energy that is always desired). 2.3.6 Tidal Energy If there is one thing we can safely forecast and be sure of on this planet, it is the coming and disappearing of the tide. While the energy capacity is dependable, converting it into electrical power is not simple. One option is to construct a tidal barrage (contrast to hydro lakes) which are not only complex but also cause radical changes to the currents in the estuary that could have enormous effects on the ecosystem. Nonetheless, tidal barrages have a enormous potential, worthwhile further examination. Another option is to use offshore turbines that work analogous to wind parks, but underwater and using the tides as a basis, This technology brings no environmental issues, but as it is in an early stage, the cost is not yet aggressive (like wind energy in the premature days). 2.4 Energy Audit To determine energy performance of a building, both constructional elements and energy production and consumption systems need to be evaluated. Depending on the purpose of the building aforementioned elements and systems have different contribution and a various methodology is needed for precise energy performance calculation. Energy audit is an analysis of thermal performance and energy systems of building with the purpose to determent its energy efficiency or non-efficiency. Energy audit also helps getting new conclusions and suggestions on how to increase the energy efficiency. Main goal of energy audit is to access and process collected data, and to get as much accurate present energy performance of building, concerning construction characteristics in terms of thermal protection, quality and efficiency of heating, ventilation and cooling systems, quality and efficiency of lighting and household   appliances and building management. .   For example Large-scale tidal energy pro duction has been planned for Passamaquoddy Bay straddling New Brunswick and Maine, and the Bay of Fundy as at least the 1930s. Even the late American President John F. Kennedy, a winner of a large-scale barragestyle tidal power plan at ‘Quoddy, envisioned a â€Å"fossil-fuel-free energy future† on the Atlantic seaboard. Newer tidal current technologies offer much more energy generation possibility, and much less environmental trouble, than the impoundment schemes superior in earlier plans. 2.5 Barriers to implement alternative sources of energy The need for using alternate sources for energy has been progressively rising as the environment is getting worse due to human utilization. For those people who wish to make dissimilarity in their lifestyles, or want to help find better energy sources for everybody, there are government allocations that will provide the financial support to do rising energy costs are finally starting to force global leaders to research alternatives and provide the funding to make changes. 2.5.1 Solar water heating systems (SWHS) Problems such as malfunctioning pumps, leakage from tanks etc. were experienced and maintenance and repairing facilities may not be to the required level. However, individual users in direct contact with manufacturing companies were generally satisfied. But this was true for only new systems. An encouraging response came from the potential users; 90% in the cities were willing to buy if it saved them energy. But current high prices of the system were a deterrent to them. Although solar water heating systems are simple in construction, responses indicated that minor faults could lead to serious problems, especially if not detected early. It was found that many systems did not perform as expected due to reasons such as low level of awareness, technical problems and lack of maintenance. It was also revealed that due to unsatisfactory performance, credibility of SWHS was low and there was an urgent need to restore the confidence of both existing and potential users. SWHS are still not pe rceived as environmentally attractive and potentially economical means of providing hot water to targeted users. Therefore, serious efforts and corrective measures both from industry and government are needed for a sustained growth of SWHS market. The key stakeholders (users, manufacturers and experts) indicated that the economic / financial barriers are the most important barriers for SWHS industry. The SWHS were considered high priced compared to conventional water heating systems and electricity made it further unattractive for the â€Å"low bill† electricity consumers. A lack of credit facilities was another obstacle in this category. Awareness / information barriers were ranked second with stakeholder indicating these as most important. Presence of SWHS industry can hardly be noticed by consumers. Industry on the other hand offers very limited choices due to a lack of significant market. Technical barriers were ranked third with stakeholders indicating these as most important. However, some experts and users were of the opinion that technical barrier would have been ranked first if the SWHS were used more widely. SWHS manufacturers on the other hand argued that the lack of knowledge about the system design and operation, and a lack of maintenance were the root cause of the problem. The quality of the product has improved in the last three years. 2.5.2 Recommended actions to remove SWHS barriers The Following measures were recommended by the stakeholders to remove the barriers. Information and awareness Development of effective public awareness and promotion programs that are prepared based on market surveys and studies. It was proposed that the programs should concentrate on use of media especially TV and newspapers. The concept, the benefits and the required operating conditions for SWHS should be made clear to end-users through these media strategies. Promotion of SWHS could also be done through participation in various exhibitions held in syndicates, hotels, clubs etc. The demonstration systems can be set-up in places like city councils, clubs, big factories, conference halls, and stadiums etc. where the impact can be far reaching. Printed materials (such as leaflets, brochures) containing information on systems, selection criteria, maintenance requirements, and information about suppliers and their after sales services needs to be made available to the consumers. ther modes for awareness building could include seminars and presentation to targetted users in schools, universities and clubs, and awareness among students by setting up of laboratories in these places. Economic and financial Financial support from the governmental, private sectors and donor agencies to the SWHS needs to be put in place. Availability of credit facilities with low interest rates and reduction in SWHS prices to make it competitive with other alternatives is equally important. Encouraging local manufacture of SWHS by reducing taxes and customs duties on solar water heating system components. Financial and technical support to research and development activities for product improvement should also be provided Technical Current manufacturing standards and specifications should be revised to include quality control and assurance components and installation requirements. SWHS and their spare parts could be made available in shops and markets.   This should be accompanied with availability of maintenance centres within easy reach. A program or mechanism to address the problem of the systems already installed in the new cities needs to be prepared and implemented. Relevant government authorities, manufacturers and dealers of SWHS need to co-operate in this programme. The users of the system need to be made aware o f the maintenance requirements of the SWHS through the program. Formulation and enforcement of appropriate quality checks at the factory level, product quality and performance guarantee and mechanism for their enforceability , and setting up maintenance cum marketing centres for SWHS are other measures to increase their penetration. Institutional A federation, union or society, which can bring representatives of users, companies, financing sources, policy makers and researches on one platform can be very useful to co-ordinate efforts in this area. 2.5.3 PV (photo voltaic) systems for electrification There was a consensus that economic and financial barriers are the most important barriers and should be addressed first. This was followed by policy barriers, indicating need for a governmental mechanism to promote PV technology (Ahmad and Shenawy, 2006). Market barriers were considered next in importance, indicating small size of the market and limited access to international market. Private sector involvement was limited due to small size of the market. Some PV manufacturers even suggested the need for obligatory laws for rural electrification using PVs. While experts and users considered technical problems and availability of maintenance as an important barrier, PV manufacturers did not consider this as a barrier. Important barriers within these categories were as follows: Lack of information The awareness on the applications of solar PV systems is very low. High dissemination costs The target group for solar electrification lives in dispersed rural dwellings, and proportion of wealthy households is also low in these areas. Dwellings are far apart, and therefore the transaction costs for commercial dissemination, installation and after-sales services are very high. These costs are estimated to be about 30% of the total costs of PV systems. Unfavorable tariff system The tariff charged by utilities does not reflect the real cost of rural electrification. Tariffs for electricity are identical in rural and urban areas, although the cost of supplying electricity is much higher in the countryside. On the other hand, consumers with low consumption of electricity pay lower tariffs. This makes PV system uncompetitive with the grid electricity. PV system is also not able to offer the range of services that a grid can offer, making it further uncompetitive. The electricity tariffs do not include external costs (environmental costs) due to use of fossil fuels in electricity generation. If these costs are considered in tariff setting, PV systems could be competitive with traditional electricity sources. Taxes and duties As in many other developing countries, PV system is considered a luxury product and charged very high import duty. Sometimes, tax exemptions may be available for equipment imports for a public or NGO project. But this inhibits commercialization. Further, the components that are produced locally (such as charge regulators, and batteries), attract high duties to protect the market for local manufacturers. This can cause problems if technology with the local manufacturer is not reliable. Import of equipment and materials is also a problem due to foreign exchange constraints. 2.5.3.1 Actions to overcome the PV electrification barriers The solar PV systems still have opportunities and potential for contribution to the rural development programs. These include the following: Solar radiation is high in Tropical Island, making solar PV system operation quite reliable and attractive. Technical and technological experiences are available. The actions to overcome the barriers include the following; Awareness campaigns need to be launched on regular basis to bring out the potential merits of PV systems and applications. Financial schemes need to be designed to support buyers. Manufacturers, suppliers, and agents should have their representatives and centres near the consumers. Since the PV programme is in initial stage, government supported market incentives needs to be designed to encourage commercial development and deployment. PV rural electrification projects can be integrated with other development programs. Integration of various PV rural electrification projects can help sharing of experiences in barrier removal. 2.5.4 Large Biogas Plants (LBP) The barriers identified in the case of LBP are: Information and awareness barriers A lack of awareness on LBPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s positive economic and environmental impacts Absence of governmental support for development, awareness and dissemination of the technology, necessary in the early stages of such programs. Institutional barriers Lack of co-operation and communication between the involved institutions, organisations and other stakeholders. Absence of NGOs role Economic and financial barriers Competing petroleum products and electricity are subsidized and easily available. High capital costs of LB P compared to other organic waste treatment systems. There is no economic evaluation for the positive environmental impact of the LBP. Unavailability of land within the targeted sites. Policy barriers A lack of application of environmental laws. Moreover, due to the high revenue generated by the states upon energy provided by the states electricity central, it is very difficult to implement alternative or renewable energy. 2.5.4.1 Actions to overcome the LBP barriers Since the LBP programme is in initial stages, most of the action needed relates to formulation of a proper plan and setting up implementing agencies, and ensuring co- operation between various agencies involved in the programme. The actions may include; Awareness programmes bringing out benefits of LBP as a source of clean energy and provider of environmental benefits through waste treatment. Reforming energy pricing policy to encourage and make RETs competitive with petroleum fuels and electricity. Setting up financing mechanisms to provide financing at reasonable rates of interest. Carrying out market potential study. Setting up a coordinating committee for planning and implementing the national action plan as suggested above for LBP. Strengthening the co-operation between the concerned ministries, institutions and organisations involved in the programme. Encouraging NGOs role in promoting LBP technology. 2.6 Direct and Indirect Impacts Social and environmental impacts of SWHS Energy saved by renewable energy technologies was estimated to be about 65%.   Estimated annual reduction in CO2 emissions is 190 thousand tons. Since the manufacturing is de- centralised and relatively labour intensive (at present, compared to alternatives; oil and electric heating), it